{"id":7379,"date":"2024-11-19T08:30:14","date_gmt":"2024-11-19T06:30:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/?p=7379"},"modified":"2024-11-20T12:49:53","modified_gmt":"2024-11-20T10:49:53","slug":"archeologovia-objavili-najstarsiu-keramiku-severne-od-dunaja-varili-v-nej-maso-divej-zvery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/index.php\/sk\/2024\/11\/19\/archeologovia-objavili-najstarsiu-keramiku-severne-od-dunaja-varili-v-nej-maso-divej-zvery\/","title":{"rendered":"Archeol\u00f3govia objavili najstar\u0161iu keramiku severne od Dunaja. Varili v nej m\u00e4so divej zveri"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>
3D vizualiz\u00e1cia (A) zvl\u00e1\u0161tne zahnut\u00e9ho \u010drepu n\u00e1jden\u00e9ho v Santovke a hypotetick\u00e9 vari\u00e1cie rekon\u0161trukcie tvaru na z\u00e1klade keramiky z lovecko-zbera\u010dsk\u00fdch kontextov \u010ealek\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodu (B) a v\u00fdchodnej Eur\u00f3py (C) (pod\u013ea J. Pet\u0159\u00edk – K. Slav\u00ed\u010dek \u2013 K. Adamekov\u00e1 – V. A. J. Jaques – M. Ko\u0161\u0165\u00e1l – P. T\u00f3th \u2013 L. Petr – D. V\u0161iansk\u00fd – T. Zikmund – J. Kaiser \u2013 J. B\u00e1tora – P. Bickle 2024)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Po\u010das viacro\u010dn\u00e9ho systematick\u00e9ho archeologick\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumu v\u00a0Santovke (okr. Levice), ktor\u00fd bol cielene zameran\u00fd na opevnen\u00e9 s\u00eddlisko zo star\u0161ej doby bronzovej, sa pracovn\u00edkom Archeologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu SAV, v. v. i. Nitra podarilo n\u00e1js\u0165 v profile potoka B\u00far, ktor\u00fd pretek\u00e1 tesne pod lokalitou ve\u013emi slabo vyp\u00e1len\u00e9 \u010drepy a navy\u0161e aj kusy zuho\u013enaten\u00fdch driev \u2013 stromov.<\/p>\n

Nadv\u00e4zuj\u00fac na predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facu interdisciplin\u00e1rnu spolupr\u00e1cu sme po\u017eiadali kolegov z\u00a0\u00dastavu geologick\u00fdch vied a\u00a0\u00dastavu botaniky a\u00a0zool\u00f3gie Pr\u00edrodovedeckej\u00a0 fakulty Masarykovej univerzity v\u00a0Brne o\u00a0uskuto\u010dnenie detailn\u00fdch anal\u00fdz uvedenej keramiky a jej\u00a0absol\u00fatneho datovania. Vyhotoven\u00e1 r\u00e1diokarbonov\u00e1 anal\u00fdza \u00a0uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee keramiku zhotovili u\u017e lovci – zbera\u010di v z\u00e1vere\u00a0mezolitu, teda strednej doby kamennej, 5 800 rokov pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom. Uk\u00e1zalo sa, \u017ee je o\u00a0300 rokov star\u0161ia ako doteraz zn\u00e1ma najstar\u0161ia neolitick\u00e1 keramika severne od Dunaja.<\/p>\n

Ide o\u00a0mimoriadne v\u00fdznamn\u00fd objav, preto\u017ee ju vytvorili na\u0161i predkovia, ktor\u00ed e\u0161te ne\u017eili ako po\u013enohospod\u00e1ri usadl\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom \u017eivota na jednom mieste, ale ko\u010dovali z\u00a0miesta na miesto a \u017eivili sa lovom div\u00fdch zvierat a zbieran\u00edm plodov. Z\u00a0toho d\u00f4vodu sme sa domnievali, \u017ee\u00a0pr\u00e1ve pren\u00e1\u0161anie \u0165a\u017ek\u00fdch keramick\u00fdch n\u00e1dob by mohlo pri takomto pres\u00favan\u00ed sa sp\u00f4sobova\u0165 probl\u00e9my. Av\u0161ak anal\u00fdzy keramickej hmoty mezolitickej keramiky zo Santovky uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee obsahuje okrem pr\u00edmesi drobn\u00fdch zlomkov andezitu, najm\u00e4 mno\u017estvo organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tok, t j. listov a stoniek tr\u00e1vy rodu Festuca. To sp\u00f4sobilo, \u017ee nebola tak\u00e1 \u0165a\u017ek\u00e1 ako klasick\u00e1 neolitick\u00e1 keramika a\u00a0teda mohli ju \u013eah\u0161ie pren\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 na \u010fal\u0161ie miesto.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/h4>\n

\u010co varili v\u00a0strednej dobe kamennej?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Mezolitick\u00ed \u013eudia t\u00fato keramiku pou\u017e\u00edvali ako hrnce na varenie. Lipidov\u00e1 anal\u00fdza vn\u00fatornej strany \u010drepov zo Santovky, ktor\u00fa taktie\u017e uskuto\u010dnili odborn\u00edci z\u00a0Pr\u00edrodovedeckej fakulty Masarykovej univerzity v\u00a0Brne potvrdila pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 tuku z divo \u017eij\u00facich pre\u017e\u00favavcov, ako s\u00fa napr. jelene a srnce. Aj t\u00e1to skuto\u010dnos\u0165 tak podporila fakt, \u017ee keramiku vyhotovili mezolitick\u00ed lovci a\u00a0zbera\u010di. Taktie\u017e zistili, \u017ee t\u00e1to keramika bola vyp\u00e1len\u00e1 pri 600 stup\u0148och Celzia, \u010di\u017ee evidentne na otvorenom ohni. Pece na vypa\u013eovanie keramiky sa objavili a\u017e o\u00a0nieko\u013eko storo\u010d\u00ed nesk\u00f4r spolu s\u00a0neolitickou civiliz\u00e1ciou, kedy sa u\u017e vypa\u013eovala keramika pri 800 a\u017e 1000 stup\u0148och v\u00a0d\u00f4sledku toho bola podstatne pevnej\u0161ia.<\/p>\n

Z\u00a0\u010drepov zo Santovky sa podarilo, napriek ve\u013ekej fragment\u00e1cii, v\u010faka spolupr\u00e1ci s\u00a0kolegami z Stredoeur\u00f3pskeho technologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu Technickej univerzity v\u00a0Brne, prostredn\u00edctvom po\u010d\u00edta\u010dovej 3D vizualiz\u00e1cie, zrekon\u0161truova\u0165 pravdepodobn\u00fd vzh\u013ead dvoch n\u00e1dob. Jedna z nich mala zrejme zahroten\u00e9 dno a druh\u00e1 \u0161tvorcov\u00e9 \u00fastie. Doteraj\u0161ie poznatky ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee v oblasti Dunaja sa podobn\u00e9 keramick\u00e9 tvary nevyskytuj\u00fa. Pozoruhodn\u00e9 v\u0161ak je, \u017ee pr\u00e1ve n\u00e1doby so zahroten\u00fdm dnom sa vyskytovali vo v\u00fdchodnej Eur\u00f3pe, napr\u00edklad na juhoz\u00e1padnej Ukrajine (Bug, Dnester, Dneper), vo v\u00fdchodobaltskej oblasti a\u00a0n\u00e1doby so \u0161tvorcov\u00fdm \u00fast\u00edm a\u017e na \u010falekom v\u00fdchode v\u00a0Rusku, napr. na ostrove Sachalin.<\/p>\n

Doteraz platil narat\u00edv, \u017ee znalos\u0165 zhotovovania keramick\u00fdch n\u00e1dob na na\u0161e \u00fazemie pri\u0161la spolu s neolitick\u00fdmi po\u013enohospod\u00e1rmi okolo roku 5500 pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom z\u00a0Predn\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodu cez Anat\u00f3liu (dne\u0161n\u00e9 Turecko), Gr\u00e9cko a\u00a0oblas\u0165 Balk\u00e1nu. Tam v\u0161ak absentuj\u00fa n\u00e1doby vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00fdch tvarov. Tento v\u00fdskum v\u0161ak ukazuje, \u017ee u\u017e lovci a zbera\u010di v mezolite priniesli do strednej Eur\u00f3py tieto keramick\u00e9 predlohy z oblasti v\u00fdchodnej Eur\u00f3py a \u010falek\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodu.<\/p>\n

Objav keramick\u00fdch zlomkov z\u00a0obdobia z\u00e1veru mezolitu v\u00a0Santovke v\u00fdznamnou mierou posunul dopredu na\u0161e doteraj\u0161ie poznatky nielen o\u00a0chronologickom posune po\u010diatkov v\u00fdroby keramiky v\u00a0oblasti strednej Eur\u00f3py hlb\u0161ie do minulosti, ale aj o\u00a0doteraz m\u00e1lo zn\u00e1mom podiele kult\u00farneho p\u00f4sobenia, regi\u00f3nu v\u00fdchodnej Eur\u00f3py, resp. a\u017e \u010falek\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodu, pri po\u010diatkoch formovania a \u0161\u00edrenia znalost\u00ed v\u00fdroby keramiky. I\u0161lo zrejme nie iba o nov\u00e9 keramick\u00e9 tvary, ale aj o\u00a0inovat\u00edvne technologick\u00e9 postupy.<\/p>\n

Spracoval: Jozef B\u00e1tora, Archeologick\u00fd \u00fastav SAV, v. v. i.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Po\u010das viacro\u010dn\u00e9ho systematick\u00e9ho archeologick\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumu v\u00a0Santovke (okr. Levice), ktor\u00fd bol cielene zameran\u00fd na opevnen\u00e9 s\u00eddlisko zo star\u0161ej doby bronzovej, sa pracovn\u00edkom Archeologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu SAV, v. v. i. Nitra podarilo n\u00e1js\u0165 v profile potoka B\u00far, ktor\u00fd pretek\u00e1 tesne pod lokalitou ve\u013emi slabo vyp\u00e1len\u00e9 \u010drepy a navy\u0161e aj kusy zuho\u013enaten\u00fdch driev \u2013 stromov. Nadv\u00e4zuj\u00fac na predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facu interdisciplin\u00e1rnu … \u010c\u00edtajte viac<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[28],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7379"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7379"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7379\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7387,"href":"https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7379\/revisions\/7387"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7379"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7379"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7379"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}