{"id":7481,"date":"2024-12-18T11:33:02","date_gmt":"2024-12-18T09:33:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/?page_id=7481"},"modified":"2024-12-18T11:38:52","modified_gmt":"2024-12-18T09:38:52","slug":"vizualna-mikrosonda-do-pravekej-architektury-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/index.php\/sk\/vizualna-mikrosonda-do-pravekej-architektury-1\/","title":{"rendered":"R\u00f4zne techniky a kompoz\u00edcie exteri\u00e9rovej v\u00fdzdoby obvodov\u00fdch stien domov"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/files\/1_vyzdoba-domov-2-scaled.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-7473 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/files\/1_vyzdoba-domov-2-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1726\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/files\/1_vyzdoba-domov-2-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/files\/1_vyzdoba-domov-2-scaled-300x202.jpg 300w, https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/files\/1_vyzdoba-domov-2-scaled-1024x690.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/files\/1_vyzdoba-domov-2-768x518.jpg 768w, https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/files\/1_vyzdoba-domov-2-1536x1036.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/files\/1_vyzdoba-domov-2-2048x1381.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>R\u00f4zne techniky a kompoz\u00edcie exteri\u00e9rovej v\u00fdzdoby obvodov\u00fdch stien domov<\/p>\n<p>Neolit, eneolit, doba bronzov\u00e1<\/p>\n<p>Mgr. Jozef \u010euri\u0161, PhD.<\/p>\n<p>VEGA-2-0062-21 (Odraz soci\u00e1lno-ekonomick\u00fdch zmien v \u0161trukt\u00fare zakladania a budovania pravek\u00fdch s\u00eddlisk)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Povrchov\u00e1 \u00faprava obvodov\u00fdch stien domov, vr\u00e1tane exteri\u00e9rovej\/interi\u00e9rovej v\u00fdzdoby plo\u0161n\u00fdch povrchov\u00fdch omietok obvodov\u00fdch stien bola pravdepodobne pomerne be\u017enou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou pravek\u00fdch stavieb, pri\u010dom jej v\u00fdskyt sa sporadicky objavuje v\u00a0na\u0161om prostred\u00ed u\u017e v\u00a0starom neolite, pri\u010dom od mlad\u00e9ho neolitu sa jeho frekvencia zvy\u0161uje (najm\u00e4 v\u00a0priestore juhov\u00fdchodnej Eur\u00f3py), ale postupne aj v\u00a0strednej Eur\u00f3pe. V\u00a0neskor\u0161om obdob\u00ed (eneolite) sa na\u00a0na\u0161om \u00fazem\u00ed povrchov\u00e1 \u00faprava a v\u00fdzdoba stien objavuje u\u017e pomerne \u010dastej\u0161ie a v\u00a0dobe bronzovej (vr\u00e1tane n\u00e1ro\u010dnej plastickej v\u00fdzdoby stien) sa pravdepodobne stala \u0161tandardom (\u010do potvrdzuj\u00fa aj viacer\u00e9 nov\u00e9 n\u00e1lezov\u00e9 kontexty).<\/p>\n<p>Napriek tomu, \u017ee plo\u0161n\u00e1 povrchov\u00e1 \u00faprava obvodov\u00fdch sien, konkr\u00e9tne ich plo\u0161n\u00e9ho povrchov\u00e9ho omazu (respekt\u00edve povrchovej omietky) nes\u00favisela priamo s\u00a0kon\u0161trukciami stien jednotliv\u00fdch stavieb, vytv\u00e1ra \u0161pecifick\u00fd zdroj inform\u00e1cii, ktor\u00e9 poskytuj\u00faci hne\u010f nieko\u013eko informa\u010dn\u00fdch \u00farovn\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>estetick\u00fd rozmer (r\u00f4znorodos\u0165 v\u00fdzdobn\u00fdch mot\u00edvov, v\u00fdtvarn\u00e1 kompoz\u00edcia, variabilnos\u0165 sp\u00f4sobov\/techn\u00edk v\u00fdzdoby <em>\u2013 <\/em>napr\u00edklad ma\u013eovan\u00e1, ryt\u00e1, plastick\u00e1 v\u00fdzdoba at\u010f.)<\/li>\n<li>nadstavbov\u00fd rozmer (symbolick\u00e9, n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 mot\u00edvy<em> \u2013<\/em> ochrana stavby pred zl\u00fdmi duchmi alebo pred pr\u00edrodn\u00fdmi \u017eivlami)<\/li>\n<li>hygienick\u00fd rozmer (v pr\u00edpade plo\u0161n\u00fdch n\u00e1terov s\u00a0pr\u00edrodn\u00fdmi antibakteri\u00e1lnymi \u00fa\u010dinkami, pr\u00edpadne n\u00e1terov \u010diasto\u010dne pohlcuj\u00facich z\u00e1pach alebo spoma\u013euj\u00facich \u0161\u00edrenie plesn\u00ed <em>\u2013 <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/stavba.tzb-info.cz\/beton-malty-omitky\/10511-vliv-historickych-prisad-na-vlastnosti-vapennych-kasi-a-malt\">v\u00a0podobe najm\u00e4 r\u00f4znych foriem v\u00e1penn\u00fdch alebo sadrov\u00fdch omietok s\u00a0r\u00f4znymi pr\u00edmesami, pr\u00edpadne ich kombin\u00e1cie<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Technol\u00f3gia vypa\u013eovania v\u00e1penca, respekt\u00edve najjednoduch\u0161\u00ed sp\u00f4sob v\u00fdroby v\u00e1pna bolo milierovanie <em>\u2013 <\/em>pomal\u00e9 horenie\u00a0za minim\u00e1lneho pr\u00edstupu\u00a0vzduchu, ale pri relat\u00edvne vysokej teplote, pri\u010dom vo vn\u00fatri miliera <em>\u2013<\/em> ve\u013ek\u00e1 hranica dreva, ktor\u00e1 je zvonku utesnen\u00e1 hlinou, doch\u00e1dza k chemickej reakcii, pri ktorej sa p\u00e1len\u00e1 hornina \u2013 v\u00e1penec men\u00ed v oxid v\u00e1penat\u00fd za uvo\u013e\u0148ovania oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho. T\u00e1to technol\u00f3gia v\u00fdroby sa udr\u017eala <a href=\"https:\/\/firing.wz.cz\/Vapno.htm\">z\u00a0obdobia praveku a\u017e do stredoveku<\/a> (pr\u00edpadne rann\u00e9ho novoveku).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>praktick\u00fd rozmer <em>\u2013 <\/em>najm\u00e4 u plo\u0161n\u00fdch povrchov\u00fdch n\u00e1terov obvodov\u00fdch stien \u2013 tzv. bielenie stien (najm\u00e4 biela farba a\u00a0jej odtiene svetlej \u0161edej, pr\u00edpadne svetl\u00e9 farby a ich odtiene <em>\u2013<\/em> modr\u00e1\/\u017elt\u00e1\/\u010derven\u00e1), zabezpe\u010dovali v\u00a0interi\u00e9rovej forme lep\u0161ie rozlo\u017eenie a\u00a0\u0161\u00edrenie svetla v\u00a0interi\u00e9roch stavieb s\u00a0obmedzen\u00fdm mno\u017estvom okenn\u00fdch otvorov, pri\u010dom v\u00a0exteri\u00e9rovej forme aplikovania na obvodov\u00e9 steny zabra\u0148ovali v\u00a0letnom obdob\u00ed prehrievaniu objektov (\u010diasto\u010dn\u00fd odraz slne\u010dn\u00fdch l\u00fa\u010dov od plo\u0161n\u00fdch svetl\u00fdch n\u00e1terov sien)<\/li>\n<li>izola\u010dn\u00fd (kon\u0161truk\u010dn\u00fd) charakter, kedy predov\u0161etk\u00fdm vyhladen\u00e1 tenk\u00e1 plo\u0161n\u00e1 vrstva povrchovej omietky (v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou iba 1<em>\u2013<\/em>3 mm), niekedy aj s\u00a0plo\u0161n\u00fdm n\u00e1terom mohla spoma\u013eova\u0165\/zamedzova\u0165 povrchovej er\u00f3zii hlinen\u00e9ho v\u00fdmazu stien stavieb, v\u010faka ochrane pre vlhkos\u0165ou vzduchu,\u00a0priamym da\u017e\u010fom a teplotn\u00fdmi\u00a0zmenami (vr\u00e1tane negat\u00edvneho p\u00f4sobenia mrazu) na povrch obvodov\u00fdch stien stavieb<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>V\u00a0r\u00e1mci pou\u017eitia exteri\u00e9rovej\/interi\u00e9rovej v\u00fdzdoby na plo\u0161n\u00e9 povrchov\u00e9 omietky obvodov\u00fdch stien vznik\u00e1 v\u0161ak ot\u00e1zka, \u010di v\u00fdzdoba (najm\u00e4 ma\u013eovan\u00e1 v\u00fdzdoba) nebola striktne aplikovan\u00e1 iba v\u00a0interi\u00e9ri stavieb, preto\u017ee vplyvom po\u010dasia (vlhkos\u0165 vzduch,\u00a0d\u00e1\u017e\u010f, mr\u00e1z) by sa ma\u013eba r\u00f4zneho charakteru nedochovala (respekt\u00edve by mohla zanikn\u00fa\u0165 u\u017e po\u010das existencie stavby). Nie je v\u0161ak vyl\u00fa\u010den\u00e9, \u017ee ma\u013eovan\u00e1 v\u00fdzdoba bola aplikovan\u00e1 na partie stien, ktor\u00e9 boli systematicky kryt\u00e9 napr\u00edklad v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm presahom strechy alebo sa nach\u00e1dzali v\u00a0z\u00e1vetr\u00ed, kde boli chr\u00e1nen\u00e9 pred prevl\u00e1daj\u00facim smerom zr\u00e1\u017eok. Taktie\u017e je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee ma\u013eovan\u00e1 v\u00fdzdoba (nielen priestorovo mal\u00e9 vzory\/mot\u00edvy) ale aj plo\u0161n\u00e1 ma\u013eovka povrchov\u00fdch omietok sa jednoducho pomerne \u010dasto obnovovala, \u010do mohlo s\u00favisie\u0165 aj be\u017enou sez\u00f3nou opravou erodovan\u00e9ho hlinen\u00e9ho v\u00fdmazu, n\u00e1hodne sa objavuj\u00faceho na niektor\u00fdch miestach obvodov\u00fdch stien stavieb.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Literat\u00fara a ostatn\u00e9 pramene <em>\u2013 <\/em>web link:<\/p>\n<h6><em>Caselli 1983 \u2013 <\/em>C. Caselli: History of Everyday Things, London 1983.<\/h6>\n<h6><em>Cs\u00e1nyi\/Stanczik 1992 \u2013 <\/em>M. Cs\u00e1nyi\/I. Stanczik: Tiszaug-K\u00e9m\u00e9nytet\u0151. In: I. Bon\u00e1 &#8211; Bronzezeit in Ungarn. Forschungen in Tell-Siedlungen an Donau und Theiss, Museum f\u00fcr Vor- u. Fr\u00fchgesch., Frankfurt a. Main 1992, 115\u2013119.<\/h6>\n<h6><em>\u010caplovi\u010d 1956 \u2013 <\/em>P. \u010caplovi\u010d: Hurbanovo\u2013Bacherov majer, neolitick\u00e9 s\u00eddli\u0161t\u011b. Arch. Rozhledy 8, 1956, 311\u2013321, 340\u2013343.<\/h6>\n<h6><em>Dvo\u0159\u00e1k 1997 \u2013 <\/em>P. Dvo\u0159\u00e1k: Dom\u010dek z\u00a0Bran\u010da. Klenotnica slovenskej minulosti. Nede\u013en\u00e1 Pravda 27, 1997, 26.<\/h6>\n<h6><em>\u010euri\u0161 2015 \u2013 <\/em>J. \u010euri\u0161: Architekt\u00fara domu mlad\u0161ej a neskorej doby kamennej na juhoz\u00e1padnom Slovensku na z\u00e1klade anal\u00fdzy mazanice. Archaeologica Slovaca Monographiae, Studia, Tomus XXIII, Nitra 2015.<\/h6>\n<h6><em>\u010euri\u0161 2018 \u2013 <\/em>J. \u010euri\u0161: Radzovce v obdob\u00ed popolnicov\u00fdch pol\u00ed \u2013 Architektonick\u00e1 rekon\u0161trukcia stavieb na z\u00e1klade anal\u00fdzy mazanice. A\u00da SAV Nitra 2018.<\/h6>\n<h6><em>Horv\u00e1th 1987 \u2013 <\/em>F. Horv\u00e1th: H\u00f3dmez\u0151v\u00e1s\u00e1rhely-Gorsza. A\u00a0settlement of the Tisza culture. In: P. Raczky: (Ed.), The Late Neolithic on the Tisza region. Koassuth Press. Budapest, Szolnok 1987, 31\u201346.<\/h6>\n<h6><em>Horv\u00e1th 2007 \u2013 <\/em>T. Horv\u00e1th: Maszk, Balaton\u0151sz\u00f6d \u2013 Temet\u0151i D\u0171l\u0151, (Nincs diac\u00edm), 2007.<\/h6>\n<h6><em>Horv\u00e1th 2008 \u2013 <\/em>T. Horv\u00e1th: Balaton\u0151sz\u00f6d \u2013 an Unusual Baden Settlement? In: M. Furholt, M. Szmyt, A. Zastwany (eds.) &#8211; The Baden Complex and the Outside World. Proceedings of the 12th Annual Meeting of the EAA in Cracow 19-24th September 2006. Studien zur Arch\u00e4ologie in Ostmitteleuropa Band 4. Bonn 2008, 71\u201389.<\/h6>\n<h6><em>Karul\/Eres\/\u00d6zdo\u011fan\/Parzinger 2003 \u2013 <\/em>N. Karul\/Z. Eres\/M. \u00d6zdo\u011fan\/H. Parzinger: A\u015fa\u011fi Pinar I. Einf\u00fchrung, Forschungsgeschichte, Stratigraphie und Architektur. Studien im Thrakien-Marmara-Raum 1, Mainz 2003.<\/h6>\n<h6><em>Lobisser 2006 \u2013 <\/em>W. F. A. Lobisser: Construction of a\u00a0circular ditch system and houses of the middle Neolithic. EuroREA, Journal of (Re)construction and Experiment in Archaelology, 3\/2006, 11\u201315.<\/h6>\n<h6><em>Otte et. al. 2002 \u2013 <\/em>M. Otte\/Mireille David-Elbiali\/Christiane Elu\u00e8re\/Jean-Pierre Mohen: La Protohistoire. De Boeck Universit\u00e9 Brussels 2002.<\/h6>\n<h6><em>Palliardi 1916 \u2013 <\/em>J. Palliardi: Hlin\u011bn\u00e9 modely neolitick\u00fdch ch\u00fd\u0161\u00ed. \u010casopis moravsk\u00e9ho musea zemsk\u00e9ho 16, Brno 1916, 41\u201352.<\/h6>\n<h6><em>Raczky et. al. 1985 \u2013 <\/em>P. Raczky\/M. Seleanu\/G. R\u00f3zsa et al.: \u00d6cs\u00f6d-Kov\u00e1shalom. The intensive Topographical and Archaeological Investigation of a\u00a0Late Neolithic Site. Preliminary Report. MittArchlnst 14, 1985, 251\u2013278.<\/h6>\n<h6><em>Raczky 1987 \u2013 <\/em>P. Raczky: \u00d6cs\u00f6d-Kov\u00e1shalom. A\u00a0settlement of the Tisza culture. In: P. Raczky: (Ed.), The Late Neolithic on the Tisza region. Koassuth Press. Budapest, Szolnok 1987, 61\u201383.<\/h6>\n<h6><em>Web link: <\/em><u>http:\/\/www.iabrno.cz\/agalerie\/mmk.htm<\/u><\/h6>\n<h6><em>Web link: <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/stavba.tzb-info.cz\/beton-malty-omitky\/10511-vliv-historickych-prisad-na-vlastnosti-vapennych-kasi-a-malt\">https:\/\/stavba.tzb-info.cz\/beton-malty-omitky\/10511-vliv-historickych-prisad-na-vlastnosti-vapennych-kasi-a-malt<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6><em>Web link: <\/em><u><a href=\"https:\/\/firing.wz.cz\/Vapno.htm\">https:\/\/firing.wz.cz\/Vapno.htm<\/a><\/u><\/h6>\n<h6><\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; R\u00f4zne techniky a kompoz\u00edcie exteri\u00e9rovej v\u00fdzdoby obvodov\u00fdch stien domov Neolit, eneolit, doba bronzov\u00e1 Mgr. Jozef \u010euri\u0161, PhD. VEGA-2-0062-21 (Odraz soci\u00e1lno-ekonomick\u00fdch zmien v \u0161trukt\u00fare zakladania a budovania pravek\u00fdch s\u00eddlisk) &nbsp; Povrchov\u00e1 \u00faprava obvodov\u00fdch stien domov, vr\u00e1tane exteri\u00e9rovej\/interi\u00e9rovej v\u00fdzdoby plo\u0161n\u00fdch povrchov\u00fdch omietok obvodov\u00fdch stien bola pravdepodobne pomerne be\u017enou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou pravek\u00fdch stavieb, pri\u010dom jej v\u00fdskyt sa sporadicky &#8230; <a class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/index.php\/sk\/vizualna-mikrosonda-do-pravekej-architektury-1\/\">\u010c\u00edtajte viac<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7481"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7481"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7481\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7485,"href":"https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7481\/revisions\/7485"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/archeol.sav.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7481"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}